[1] Allan G. Bogue, "'Not by Bread Alone:' The Emergence of the Wisconsin Idea and the Departure of Frederick Jackson Turner," Wisconsin Magazine of History 86 (Autumn 2002), 11-13; Merle Curti and Vernon Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin:  A History, 1848-1925, Vol. I (Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1949), 711, 723-726; Merle Curti and Vernon Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin:  A History, 1848-1925, Vol. II (Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1949), 3-4, 87-91, 110, 550-554; Laurence Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago:  The University of Chicago Press, 1965), 105-111, 303.

[2] Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of History," in The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner, ed. Everett Edwards (Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1938). 

[3] "Minutes from the Thirty-eighth Annual Session of the Wisconsin Teachers' Association, Madison, December 29, 1890," Wisconsin Journal of Education 21 (January 1891), 16; "Report of the President, T. C. Chamberlin," Biennial Report of the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 1892, 44-45; Lyman P. Powell, "University Extension„Extension Notes," Wisconsin Journal of Education 23 (February 1893), 43; Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Extension Work of the University of Wisconsin," in Handbook of University Extension, ed. George F. James (Philadelphia:  American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, 1893), 311-324; Curti and Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin, Vol. I, 723-730.  See Frederick Jackson Turner, "Syllabus of a University Extension Course of Six Lectures on the "Colonization of North America'" (Madison:  University of Wisconsin, n.d. [1892?]); Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Colonization of North America from the Earliest Times to 1763:  Syllabus of a Course of Six Lectures" (Madison:  University of Wisconsin, University Extension Department, 1893); Frederick Jackson Turner, "American Development, 1789-1829:  Syllabus of a Course of Six Lectures" (Madison:  University of Wisconsin, University Extension Department, 1895).  He also lectured on "American Politics, 1789-1840" and "Western State Making in the Revolution."

[4] "Report of the President, T. C. Chamberlin," 44-45; Turner, "Extension Work," 311-324; Curti and Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin, Vol. I, 726-730.

[5] G.F. Browne and Robert Davies Roberts, "Cambridge Local Lectures, Historical Sketch," in Calendar of Cambridge Local Lectures (Cambridge:  University Press, 1881), 10-11; Richard Green Moulton, The University Extension Movement (London:  Bemrose and Sons, 1885), 8-9, 14; Richard Green Moulton.  A Lecturer's Notes on the Working of University Extension (Philadelphia:  American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, 1890), 7; Richard Green Moulton, Address of Richard G. Moulton„University Extension Movement (Philadelphia:  American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, 1890), 9; Robert Davies Roberts, A New University (London:  C.F. Hodgson and Son, 1888), 4-5; Robert Davies Roberts, Eighteen Years of University Extension (Cambridge:  University Press, 1891), 123.

[6] N.A. Jepson, The Beginning of English University Adult Education„Policy and Problems (London:  Michael Joseph, 1973),  215-216; Roberts, Eighteen Years of University Extension, 26; Robert Davies Roberts, "Introduction," in Report of the Proceedings, including the Report of the Expert Committees Submitted to, and Adopted by, the Congress (London:  P.S. King and Son, 1894), 6; Moulton, Address of Richard G. Moulton, 19.

[7] Curti and Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin, Vol. II, 375; "Report of the President, T. C. Chamberlin," 44-45; "Minutes from the Thirty-eighth Annual Session of the Wisconsin Teachers' Association," 16; Frederick Jackson Turner to H. B. Adams, December 8, 1890, reprinted in W. Stull Holt, ed., Historical Scholarship in the United States, 1876-1901: As Revealed in the Correspondence to Herbert B. Adams (Baltimore:  The Johns Hopkins Press, 1938), 144-145; Frederick Jackson Turner to H. B. Adams, October 19, 1981, reprinted in Holt, ed., Historical Scholarship in the United States, 168-169; Turner, "Extension Work," 311-324; Turner, "The Significance of History, 58, 65-67.

[8] Turner, "Syllabus of a University Extension Course of Six Lectures on the "Colonization of North America,'" 5, 8, 10, 13, 17; Turner, "Colonization of North America from the Earliest Times to 1763;" Turner, "American Development."

[9] Turner, "The Significance of History," 44.

[10] Turner, "Syllabus of a University Extension Course of Six Lectures on the "Colonization of North America,'" 3-8, 10-20; Turner, "The Significance of History," 56-57, 63-64; Turner, "Colonization of North America from the Earliest Times to 1763;" Turner, "American Development."

[11] Turner, "Syllabus of a University Extension Course of Six Lectures on the "Colonization of North America,'" 3; Turner, "Colonization of North America from the Earliest Times to 1763;" Turner, "The Significance of History," 48-54, 58, 61-67; Merle Curti, "Frederick Jackson Turner," in Wisconsin Witness to Frederick Jackson Turner:  A Collection of Essays on the Historian and the Thesis, ed. O. Lawrence Burnette, Jr. (Madison:  The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1961), 182-184; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand:  The Significance of Significance in American History," in Writing Western History:  Essays on Major Western Historians, ed. Richard Etulain (Albuquerque:  University of New Mexico Press, 1991), 75-76, 100-102; Ray Allen Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner:  Historian, Scholar, Teacher (New York:  Oxford University Press, 1973), 98-101.  Billington argues that Turner was reading widely enough in preparation for his extension lectures that he probably was beginning to tinker with the broad parameters of his frontier thesis and that he was considering the influence of the environment and free land on colonization and settlement.  Cronon argues that the seeds of Turner's frontier thesis can be found in "The Significance of History" essay.

[12] Turner, "The Significance of History," 47-48, 51-58, 65; Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner, 98-100; Cronon, "The Significance of Significance," 74-75; Curti, "Frederick Jackson Turner," 180, 202.

[13] Turner, "Syllabus of a University Extension Course of Six Lectures on the "Colonization of North America;'" Turner, "Colonization of North America from the Earliest Times to 1763;" Turner, "American Development;" Turner, "The Significance of History," 48.

[14] Veysey, The Emergence of the American University, 61, 80-81, 100-113; John S, Brubacher, and Willis Rudy.  Higher Education in Transition:  A History of American Colleges and Universities, 1636-1968 (New York:  Harper & Row, 1968), 294-306;Christopher J. Lucas, American Higher Education: A History (New York:  St. Martin's Griffin, 1994), 170-171; Curti and Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin, Vol. II, 99-105.

[15] "Minutes from the Thirty-eighth Annual Session of the Wisconsin Teachers' Association, Madison," 16; Turner to Adams, December 8, 1890, reprinted in Holt, ed., Historical Scholarship in the United States, 144-145; "Report of the President, T. C. Chamberlin," 44-45; Turner, "Extension Work," 311-324.

[16] "Minutes from the Thirty-eighth Annual Session of the Wisconsin Teachers' Association, Madison," 16; Turner to Adams, December 8, 1890, reprinted in Holt, ed., Historical Scholarship in the United States, 144-145; "Report of the President, T. C. Chamberlin," 44-45; Turner, "Extension Work," 311-324.

[17] Turner, "The Significance of History," 58, 65-67; Turner, "Extension Work," 315-316; Curti, "Frederick Jackson Turner," 178-179.

[18] Turner, "The Significance of History," 52-58, 61-67.

[19] Turner, "The Significance of History," 52-58, 64-67.

[20] Turner, "The Significance of History," 65-67.

[21] Charles Adams, quoted in Lyman P. Powell, "University Extension„Extension Notes," 43; Lyman P. Powell, "University Extension and the Public Schools," Wisconsin Journal of Education 22 (September 1892), 210-213; Veysey, The Emergence of the American University, 63-72, 439-441.

[22] Veysey, The Emergence of the American University, 64, 73, 124-125, 142-144.

[23] Powell, "University Extension and the Public Schools," 210-213.

[24] Turner, "The Significance of History," 52-58, 64-67.

[25] Turner, "The Significance of History," 52-58, 64-67.  For information on evangelical tendencies in education, see David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot.  Managers of Virtue:  Public School Leadership in American, 1820-1980 (New York:  Basic Books, 1982); Robert Crunden.  Ministers of Reform:  The Progressives' Achievement in American Civilization, 1889-1920 (New York:  Basic Books, 1982); Robert Wiebe,  The Search for Order, 1877-1920  (New York:  Hill and Wang, 1967).

[26] Turner, "The Significance of History," 58, 65-67; Turner, "Extension Work," 315-316; Curti, "Frederick Jackson Turner," 178-179.

[27] Turner, "Extension Work," 315-316; Fulmer Mood, "Introduction:  Turner's Formative Period," in The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner, ed. Everett Edwards, 30-32; Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner, 97-98, 100, 136.

[28] Curti and Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin, Vol I, 728-731; Frederick M. Rosentreter, The Boundaries of the Campus:  A History of the University of Wisconsin Extension Division, 1885-1945 (Madison:  The University of Wisconsin Press, 1957), 28-42; Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner, 97, 100.

[29] Turner, "Extension Work," 318; Powell, "University Extension and the Public Schools," 212.

[30] E. A. Birge, "The University Extension Class," 256-257.

[31] Curti and Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin. Vol. I, 728-731, and Rosentreter, The Boundaries of the Campus, 28-42; Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner, 100.

[32] Turner, "Extension Work," 319; "Minutes from the Thirty-eighth Annual Session of the Wisconsin Teachers' Association," 16.

[33] Turner, "The Significance of History," 65-67; Turner, "Extension Work," 319.

[34] Roberts, Eighteen Years of University Extension, 15, 17.

[35] Roberts, Eighteen Years of University Extension, 18-20, 30; Browne and Roberts, "Cambridge Local Lectures, Historical Sketch," 6.

[36] Jepson, The Beginning of English University Adult Education, 104, 107, 110-111, 127-132; Roberts, Eighteen Years of University Extension, 12-20.

[37] Turner, "Extension Work," 321.

[38] Turner, "Extension Work," 320-322; "Minutes from the Thirty-eighth Annual Session of the Wisconsin Teachers' Association," 16.

[39] Frederick Jackson Turner to H. B. Adams, January 18, 1892, reprinted in Holt, ed., Historical Scholarship in the United States, 174-175; Turner, "Extension Work," 324.

[40] Turner to Adams, January 18, 1892, reprinted in Holt, ed., Historical Scholarship in the United States, 174-175.  Turner's 1895 syllabus on American development since 1789 shows the wearying effect of extension lecturing on Turner.  The course was much less developed and detailed than his previous course on colonization.  Still, Turner continued to meet with students individually after lectures and in larger discussion classes.  It was a pace he could not maintain.

[41] Joseph Schafer, "Editorial Comment:  Turner's Early Writings," The Wisconsin Magazine of History, 22 (December 1938), 216.

[42] Schafer, "Editorial Comment," 216.

[43] For a fuller discussion of the Wisconsin Idea and the early university extension movement, see Lawrence Cremin, The Transformation of the School:  Progressivism in American Education, 1876-1957 (New York:  Vintage Books, 1961); Curti and Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin. Vol. I, 711, 723-726; Curti and Carstensen, The University of Wisconsin. Vol. II, 3-4, 87-91, 110, 550-554; Veysey, The Emergence of the American University, 105-111, 303. 

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